Monitoring Results

Death in the Milkweed Patch

This section is divided into the following five areas:

• Rates of Mortality
• Interactions with Milkweed
• Predators
• Tachinid Flies
• Temperature

References:

Calvert, W. H. 1996 Fire ant predation of monarch larvae (Nymphalidae: Danainae in a central Texas prairie. J. Lepid. Soc. 50:149-51.

Malcolm, S. B., B. J. Cockrell, and L. P. Brower. 1987. Monarch butterfly voltinism: Effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes. Oikos 49:77-82.

Prysby, M. D. 2004. Enemies and Survival of Monarch Eggs and Larvae. In: Oberhauser, K.S. and M.J. Solensky, eds.  Monarch Butterfly Biology and Conservation.  Cornell University Press.  Ithaca, New York.

York, H. & K.S. Oberhauser. 2002. Effects of duration and timing of heat stress on monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) development. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 75:290-298.

Zalucki, M. P. and L. P. Brower. 1992. Survival of first instar larvae of Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content of Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae). Chemoecology 3:81-93.

Zalucki, M. P. 1982. Temperature and rate of development in Danaus plexippus L. and D. chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 21:241-46.